The Reign of Dharmasetu: A Golden Age of Sanskrit Literature and Hindu Revivalism in Java

The 12th century was a time of remarkable intellectual and spiritual flourishing in Java, marked by the reign of King Jayabhaya (r. 1135-1157) who established the powerful Singhasari kingdom. While his predecessor, Airlangga, had already laid the foundation for a unified Java under the Kahuripan dynasty, it was Jayabhaya’s successor, Dharmasetu (r. 1157–1179), whose reign witnessed an unprecedented blossoming of Sanskrit literature and Hindu revivalism that profoundly shaped Javanese culture for centuries to come.

Dharmasetu, a devout Hindu, actively patronized the arts and sciences, attracting learned Brahmins from across India who sought refuge and opportunity in his thriving kingdom. This influx of intellectual talent resulted in a veritable explosion of creativity. Works like the “Sutasoma” by Mpu Tantular, a poetic masterpiece that weaves together themes of karma, dharma, and the divine journey, were composed during this period. The text reflects not only Dharmasetu’s deep devotion to Hinduism but also the evolving philosophical landscape of Java, incorporating influences from both India and local beliefs.

The “Nagarakretagama,” a grand epic poem attributed to Mpu Prapanca, emerged as another hallmark of Dharmasetu’s reign. This monumental work provides invaluable insights into the social, political, and economic structure of Singhasari, painting a vivid portrait of its bustling capital Trowulan with its magnificent temples, intricate irrigation systems, and thriving marketplaces.

Beyond literature, Dharmasetu also spearheaded the construction of numerous Hindu temples throughout his kingdom. These architectural marvels served as both centers of religious worship and testaments to the artistic skill of Javanese craftsmen. The temple complex at Candi Jago, dedicated to the god Shiva, stands as a striking example of Dharmasetu’s patronage.

But what factors fueled this remarkable cultural efflorescence under Dharmasetu?

Several key elements contributed to this golden age:

• Political Stability:

Jayabhaya’s earlier conquests had forged a strong and unified Java, providing a stable foundation for cultural growth.

Dharmasetu inherited this peaceful realm, allowing him to focus on fostering intellectual pursuits rather than waging war.

• Royal Patronage: Dharmasetu’s personal devotion to Hinduism and his commitment to artistic expression resulted in generous patronage of scholars, poets, and artisans. This support created a fertile environment for creativity to thrive.
• Influx of Brahmin Scholars: The Singhasari court attracted learned Brahmins from India who brought with them new ideas, scriptures, and literary traditions.

This intellectual exchange enriched Javanese culture while also fostering a deeper understanding of Hindu philosophy and practice.

Consequences and Lasting Legacy

Dharmasetu’s reign left an indelible mark on Java. The cultural flourishing he ignited not only enriched Javanese society but also laid the groundwork for the rise of powerful Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms like Majapahit in the centuries to come.

• Strengthening Hinduism:

The period witnessed a revival and strengthening of Hinduism in Java, with temples becoming central to social life.

Dharmasetu’s reign solidified the influence of Hinduism within Javanese society, shaping its religious landscape for generations.

• Development of Javanese Literature: Works like “Sutasoma” and “Nagarakretagama” established a rich literary tradition that would continue to evolve and inspire future writers.

These masterpieces not only entertained but also served as repositories of knowledge, preserving cultural values and historical insights.

Conclusion

The reign of Dharmasetu marked a pivotal moment in Javanese history. His astute leadership and unwavering dedication to the arts created a golden age of Sanskrit literature, Hindu revivalism, and architectural grandeur. By fostering a climate of intellectual curiosity and artistic expression, Dharmasetu left behind a legacy that continues to resonate in Java today, reminding us of the enduring power of culture and the transformative potential of enlightened rulers.